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KRONOS CHRONOLOGICAL SCHOOL

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​Module 6

The Period of the United Kingdom

 

Timeline: Year 1050–930 BC  

Biblical Reference: Book of 1 Samuel - 1 Kings

 Key People: Saul, David, Solomon, Jonathan, Nathan

Lesson 1:
The Reign of Saul – Election and Fall

Lesson 1:
The Reign of Saul – Election and Fall

​Module 6. The Period of the United Kingdom } Timeline: Year 1050 - 930 BC  }  1 & 2 Samuel

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           “Vision & Teaching of Fernando Jiménez”

1. 📖 Introduction & Context

The reign of Saul marks a turning point in Israel’s history: the transition from the period of the judges to the establishment of kingship. Saul, the son of Kish from the tribe of Benjamin, was chosen by God and anointed by Samuel as the first king of Israel. His tall stature and military potential inspired hope among the people who longed to be “like the other nations.”                                                                               

At first, Saul appeared promising: he led Israel to victory against the Ammonites and rallied the nation under his leadership. Yet, his reign quickly unraveled due to disobedience, impatience, and lack of faith. His unlawful sacrifice at Gilgal and his failure to carry out God’s command against Amalek led to his rejection as king. In his desperation, Saul even sought guidance from a medium at Endor before falling in battle against the Philistines.                                                                                                                               

Saul’s reign teaches us the sobering lesson that outward appearances and early victories cannot replace faithful obedience to God. Leadership without submission to God’s word always ends in downfall.

 

 

2. 🕰 Timeline

Biblical History

  • 2900 AM (~1050 BC): Saul is anointed as Israel’s first king (1 Sam 10).

  • 2910 AM (~1040 BC): Disobedience at Gilgal; Saul offers sacrifice without Samuel (1 Sam 13).

  • 2915 AM (~1035 BC): Disobedience in the Amalekite war; God rejects Saul (1 Sam 15).

  • 2920 AM (~1030 BC): Saul consults the medium at Endor; dies in battle at Gilboa (1 Sam 28; 31).

World History

  • c. 1050 BC – Philistines dominate the coastal plains.

  • c. 1040 BC – Assyria in decline; Arameans rising in Syria.

 

 

3. 🎯 Learning Objectives

  1. Understand why Saul was chosen and how his early reign raised hopes for Israel.

  2. Examine Saul’s critical acts of disobedience and their consequences.

  3. Reflect on the importance of obedience in leadership and the dangers of relying on human strength rather than God.

 

 

4. 📖 Right Exegesis – Teaching to Correct

  • God’s choice and human weakness: Saul was chosen by God (1 Sam 10:1), yet human appearance and ability proved insufficient without obedience.

  • Disobedience as rebellion: Saul’s impatience at Gilgal and his partial obedience in sparing Amalek reveal that disobedience equals rebellion (1 Sam 15:22–23).

  • Leadership and fear of man: Saul repeatedly feared people’s opinion more than God’s command. This misplaced fear destroyed his reign.

  • Turning to the occult: Saul’s consultation with the medium of Endor (1 Sam 28) reveals the depths of his spiritual decline. Seeking guidance apart from God leads to destruction.

  • The principle: Leadership in God’s kingdom depends not on outward power but on faith and obedience. Saul is a warning example of wasted potential.

 

✅ Correction: Success in God’s eyes is measured not by victories or appearances but by obedience to His word.

 

 

5. 📜 Grammatical & Linguistic Context (Key Hebrew Words)

  1. Mashach (מָשַׁח) – “To anoint” (1 Sam 10:1); Saul was consecrated as king by divine choice.

  2. Tzav (צַו) – “Command” (1 Sam 13:13); the divine instruction Saul failed to obey.

  3. Sarsur (שַׂר־שׂוּר) – “Leader/prince” (1 Sam 10:1); Saul’s role as God’s appointed ruler.

  4. Meri (מְרִי) – “Rebellion” (1 Sam 15:23); Saul’s disobedience equated to divination.

  5. Kashal (כָּשַׁל) – “To stumble/fall”; symbolizing Saul’s ultimate downfall.

  6. Emunah (אֱמוּנָה) – “Faith/faithfulness”; Saul’s lack of trust in God’s word defined his reign.

  7. Nefesh (נֶפֶשׁ) – “Soul/life”; reflects Saul’s inner struggle between calling and rebellion.

 

 

6. 📖 Bible References

  • 1 Samuel 10:1 – Samuel anoints Saul: “Has not the Lord anointed you ruler over His inheritance?”

  • 1 Samuel 13:13–14 – Samuel confronts Saul: “You acted foolishly; you have not kept the command of the Lord your God.”

  • 1 Samuel 15:22–23 – “To obey is better than sacrifice… rebellion is as the sin of divination.”

  • 1 Samuel 31:4 – Saul takes his own life in battle against the Philistines.

 

 

7. 📝 Homework / Revision

Part A – Visuals

  • Illustration: Samuel anointing Saul with oil.

  • Map of Saul’s battles (Ammonites, Amalekites, Philistines).

  • Chart: “Saul’s Four Turning Points – Anointing, Disobedience, Rejection, Death.”

 

Part B – Quiz (5 Questions)

  1. Why was Saul chosen as Israel’s first king, and what qualities made him appealing to the people?

  2. What was Saul’s first major act of disobedience at Gilgal, and why was it so serious?

  3. How did Saul’s failure against Amalek lead to his rejection by God?

  4. What does 1 Samuel 15:22 teach about obedience versus sacrifice?

  5. What lessons about leadership and obedience can we learn from Saul’s tragic end?

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Lesson 2:
David — King, Prophet, and Psalmist

​Module 6. The Period of the United Kingdom } Timeline: Year 1010 - 970 BC  }  1 & 2 Samuel

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           “Vision & Teaching of Fernando Jiménez”

1. 📖 Introduction & Context

David is Israel’s most celebrated king: a shepherd-warrior, poet, and worshipper whose heart for God shaped the nation’s spiritual life. Anointed in obscurity, he rose to public prominence through faith (Goliath), endured years of testing under Saul, then unified the tribes, captured Jerusalem, brought the Ark into the city, and received the Davidic Covenant, God’s promise that David’s house and throne would be established forever.                                                                                                                 
David’s legacy is bright and complicated: towering victories and tender psalms stand beside grievous sin (Bathsheba and Uriah) and deep repentance. Through it all, God’s covenant mercy (ḥesed) holds steady, and David’s line points forward to the Messiah.

 

 

2. 🕰 Timeline

Biblical History

  • 2910 AM (~1040 BC) – David anointed by Samuel (1 Sam 16:1–13).

  • 2913 AM (~1037 BC) – Defeats Goliath (1 Sam 17).

  • 2922 AM (~1028 BC) – King over Judah in Hebron (2 Sam 2:1–4).

  • 2928 AM (~1022 BC) – King over all Israel; capital at Jerusalem (2 Sam 5:1–5).

  • 2930 AM (~1020 BC) – Captures Zion, “City of David” (2 Sam 5:6–10).

  • 2932 AM (~1018 BC) – Philistine defeats (Baal-Perazim/Refaim) (2 Sam 5:17–25).

  • 2938 AM (~1012 BC) – Ark brought to Jerusalem (2 Sam 6).

  • 2940 AM (~1010 BC) – Davidic Covenant (2 Sam 7).

  • 2950 AM (~1000 BC) – Sin with Bathsheba; repentance (2 Sam 11–12; Ps 51).

  • 2970 AM (~970 BC) – Death of David; Solomon succeeds (1 Kgs 2:10–12).                                                   

David led 8 major battles:

  1. Against the Philistines (Goliath) – 1 Samuel 17:1-50

  2. Against the Philistines at Keilah – 1 Samuel 23:1-5

  3. Against the Amalekites at Ziklag – 1 Samuel 30:1-18

  4. Against the house of Saul (civil war) – 2 Samuel 2:12-32; 3:1

  5. Against the Jebusites (conquest of Jerusalem) – 2 Samuel 5:6-10

  6. Against the Philistines at Baal-perazim and the Valley of Rephaim – 2 Samuel 5:17-25

  7. Against the Moabites – 2 Samuel 8:2

  8. Against the Edomites, Ammonites, and Arameans (Syrians) – 2 Samuel 8:3-14

 

World History

  • c. 1025–980 BC – Philistine power checked; regional city-states in flux.

  • c. 1000 BC – Jerusalem established as a rising cultic and political center.

 

 

3. 🎯 Learning Objectives

  1. Trace David’s rise from shepherd to king and how God used him to unify Israel.

  2. Grasp the theological weight of the Davidic Covenant and its messianic horizon.

  3. Reflect on David’s spirituality in the Psalms—faith, lament, repentance—and apply these patterns devotionally.

 

 

4. 📖 Right Exegesis – Teaching to Correct

  • Anointing precedes enthronement: God’s call (anointing) does not equal immediate rule;        years of testing shape the king (1 Sam 16–2 Sam 5).

  • Victory by faith, not bravado: David’s triumph over Goliath rests on God’s name and covenant,  not technique (1 Sam 17:45–47).

  • The Ark and worship at the center: Political consolidation is paired with liturgical  re-centering—God’s presence defines Israel’s life (2 Sam 6).

  • Davidic Covenant & unconditional dynasty, conditional kings: God guarantees David’s line          (2 Sam 7), yet individual kings are judged for obedience (cf. Ps 89).

  • Sin has consequences; grace restores: David’s fall brings discipline, yet true teshuvah (repentance) leads to restored fellowship (2 Sam 12; Ps 51).                                                                                                     

✅ Correct teaching: David’s story isn’t hero-worship; it is covenant theology in motion—God’s sovereign promise advancing through a repentant, worshiping king, pointing to Christ, the Son of David.

 

 

5. 📜 Grammatical & Linguistic Context (Key Hebrew Words)

  1. Mashach (מָשַׁח) – To anoint; divine selection and empowerment (1 Sam 16:13).

  2. Berit (בְּרִית) – Covenant; the perpetual promise to David’s house (2 Sam 7:16).

  3. Ra‘ah (רֹעֶה) – Shepherd; David’s pastoral identity shaping royal care (Ps 78:70–72).

  4. Chesed (חֶסֶד) – Covenant mercy/loyal love; God’s steadfast love to David (2 Sam 7; many Psalms).

  5. Teshuvah (תְּשׁוּבָה) – Repentance/return; David’s posture in Ps 51.

  6. Mizmor (מִזְמוֹר) – Psalm/Song; David’s inspired poetry for worship.

  7. Malkut (מַלְכוּת) – Kingship/kingdom; David’s reign as the template for the messianic king.

 

 

6. 📖 Bible References

  • 1 Samuel 16:13 – Anointing: “The Spirit of the LORD came mightily upon David.”

  • 1 Samuel 17:45 – “I come to you in the name of the LORD of hosts…”

  • 2 Samuel 7:16 – “Your house and your kingdom shall be made sure forever…”
    (Also see Ps 23; Ps 32; Ps 51 for David’s devotional voice.)

 

 

7. 📝 Homework / Revision

Part A – Visuals

  • Map: David’s kingdom—Hebron to united Israel; expansion vs. Philistia, Moab, Edom, Ammon, Aram.

  • Diagram: “Arc of David’s Life” (Anointing → Exile/Testing → Unification → Ark to Zion → Covenant → Crisis/Repentance → Legacy).

  • Chart: Major battles (Goliath; Keilah; Ziklag; Jebus/Jerusalem; Baal-Perazim/Refaim; Moab; Edom/Ammon/Aram).

 

Part B – Quiz (5 Questions)

  1. How does David’s path from anointing to enthronement model God’s way of forming leaders?

  2. What distinguishes the Davidic Covenant, and how does it shape biblical hope for the Messiah?

  3. In what ways do David’s Psalms reveal a mature spiritual life (faith, lament, repentance)?

  4. Why was moving the Ark to Jerusalem theologically significant for Israel’s identity?

  5. What do David’s sin and repentance teach about discipline, mercy, and restoration in covenant relationship?

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Lesson 3:
Solomon – Wisdom and Apostasy

​Module 6. The Period of the United Kingdom } Timeline: Year 970 - 930 BC  }  1 & 2 Samuel

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           “Vision & Teaching of Fernando Jiménez”

1. 📖 Introduction & Context

Solomon, the son of David and Bathsheba, inherited a kingdom at peace and led Israel into its            golden age. He was uniquely blessed with wisdom after asking God for understanding to rule the people (1 Kings 3:9).                                                                                                                                             

His reign was marked by unprecedented prosperity, international recognition, and monumental achievements—most notably the construction of the Temple in Jerusalem. However, Solomon’s story is also one of tragedy. Though he began with devotion to the Lord, his later years were stained by idolatry, compromise, and alliances that led his heart away from God. His wisdom built a magnificent kingdom, but his disobedience prepared the ground for its division.

 

 

2. 🕰 Timeline

Biblical History

  • 2970 AM (~970 BC): Solomon crowned king (1 Kings 2:12)

  • 2972 AM (~968 BC): Solomon asks for wisdom (1 Kings 3:5-14)

  • 2980 AM (~960 BC): Completion of the Temple (1 Kings 6)

  • 2990 AM (~950 BC): Visit of the Queen of Sheba (1 Kings 10:1-13)

  • 3000 AM (~930 BC): Apostasy and division announced (1 Kings 11:1-13)                                                         

World History

  • Egyptian alliances through Pharaoh’s daughter strengthen ties.

  • Phoenicia (Hiram of Tyre) at its height, supplying cedar and craftsmen for the Temple.

  • Trade routes across Arabia and the Red Sea flourish under Solomon’s control.

 

 

3. 🎯 Learning Objectives

  1. Understand Solomon’s reign as Israel’s peak of wisdom, wealth, and peace.

  2. Explore how his achievements—including the Temple—became both a blessing and a warning.

  3. Reflect on the dangers of compromise, idolatry, and misplaced love that led to his downfall.

 

 

4. 📖 Right Exegesis – Teaching to Correct

  • Wisdom was a gift, not self-made: Solomon’s discernment came from God (1 Kings 3:9), but wisdom without obedience collapses.

  • The Temple was not Solomon’s glory but God’s dwelling: Its construction fulfilled God’s covenant promise to David (2 Samuel 7), showing His desire to dwell among His people.

  • Alliances and marriages seemed politically wise but spiritually dangerous: Solomon’s foreign wives introduced idolatry (1 Kings 11:4), turning his heart.

  • True greatness lies in covenant faithfulness, not wealth or fame: The rise and fall of Solomon remind us that compromise with sin undermines the strongest kingdom.

 

✅ Correct teaching: Solomon is a mirror of humanity—capable of wisdom and glory under God, but vulnerable to corruption when the heart strays. His reign foreshadows Christ, the true Son of David, whose kingdom will never fall.

 

 

5. 📜 Grammatical & Linguistic Context (Key Hebrew Words)

  1. Chokmah – “Wisdom” (1 Kings 3:9): The divine insight Solomon asked for and received.

  2. Bayit – “House/Temple” (1 Kings 6:1): The House of the LORD, symbolizing God’s presence.

  3. Shalom – “Peace”: Both Solomon’s name and his reign symbolized peace and prosperity.

  4. Nokhriyot – “Foreign Women” (1 Kings 11:1): Symbol of compromise that led to idolatry.

  5. Avodah Zarah – “Idolatry” (1 Kings 11:4): Foreign worship practices that corrupted Solomon’s devotion.

  6. Berit – “Covenant”: God’s covenant with David was the backdrop for Solomon’s reign.

  7. Mishpat – “Justice”: Solomon’s rulings (like the two mothers, 1 Kings 3:16-28) exemplified divine justice in leadership.

 

 

6. 📖 Bible References

  • 1 Kings 3:9 – Solomon’s prayer for wisdom.

  • 1 Kings 6:11-12 – God’s promise tied to obedience during the Temple’s construction.

  • 1 Kings 11:4 – Solomon’s heart turned away in old age.

 

 

7. 📝 Homework / Revision

Part A – Visuals

  • Diagram of Solomon’s Temple.

  • Map of Solomon’s empire and trade routes.

  • Timeline showing his wisdom, achievements, and downfall.                                                                            

Part B – Quiz (3 Questions)

  1. How did Solomon use the wisdom given by God, and where did he fail to apply it?

  2. What was the significance of the Temple for Israel, and how did it reflect Solomon’s initial devotion?

  3. How did Solomon’s marriages and alliances contribute to his apostasy, and what lessons do we learn for faithfulness today?

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Lesson 4: 
The  Kingdom's Division and Its Consequences

​Module 6. The Period of the United Kingdom } Timeline: Year 970 - 930 BC  }  1 & 2 Samuel

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           “Vision & Teaching of Fernando Jiménez”

1. 📖 Introduction & Context

The death of Solomon marked a turning point in Israel’s history. What had been a united and prosperous kingdom was suddenly fractured by poor leadership, heavy burdens, and spiritual compromise.                                                                                                                                                      

Rehoboam, Solomon’s son, refused to lighten the harsh taxation and forced labor imposed on the people. Instead of showing wisdom, he followed the reckless advice of his young counselors. This decision triggered rebellion, and the ten northern tribes broke away under Jeroboam, forming the Kingdom of Israel.                                                                                                                                              

From this point forward, God’s people were divided: the northern kingdom (Israel) and the southern kingdom (Judah). This division weakened the nation politically, spiritually, and militarily, setting the stage for centuries of decline and eventual exile.

 

 

2. 🕰 Timeline

Biblical History

  • 3000 AM (~930 BC): Division of the Kingdom under Rehoboam and Jeroboam (1 Kings 12:1–24).

  • 3005 AM (~925 BC): Jeroboam establishes golden calves at Bethel and Dan (1 Kings 12:25–33).

  • 3020 AM (~910 BC): Political instability in both kingdoms; decline sets in.

 

World History

  • Egypt under Pharaoh Shishak raids Jerusalem (1 Kings 14:25–26).

  • Assyria grows stronger to the northeast, preparing to dominate the region.

 

 

3. 🎯 Learning Objectives

  1. Explore the causes of Israel’s division after Solomon’s reign, including the folly of Rehoboam   and the ambition of Jeroboam.

  2. Understand the spiritual decline that followed, especially the idolatry established in the north.

  3. Reflect on the long-term consequences—political instability, military weakness, spiritual apostasy, and eventual exile.

 

 

4. 📖 Right Exegesis – Teaching to Correct

  • Division was not only political but spiritual: The split revealed a deeper fracture in the people’s covenant loyalty to God.

  • Idolatry was not a “practical solution”: Jeroboam’s golden calves were not simply alternative worship centers—they were outright rebellion against God’s command to worship in Jerusalem.

  • Political strength cannot replace covenant faithfulness: Israel and Judah both weakened because they abandoned God, proving that spiritual unity is the foundation of national stability.
     

  • ✅ Correct teaching: The division of the kingdom is a sober warning that disobedience, pride, and compromise lead God’s people into weakness and judgment.

 

 

5. 📜 Grammatical & Linguistic Context (Key Hebrew Words)

  1. Pillug – “Division”: The splitting of the united monarchy into two kingdoms.

  2. Mas – “Tax/Tribute”: The heavy burdens that sparked rebellion under Rehoboam.

  3. Elilim – “Idols”: The golden calves established by Jeroboam.

  4. Merod – “Rebellion”: The revolt of the ten tribes.

  5. Avon – “Iniquity/Sin”: The apostasy that became rooted in Israel’s history.

  6. Berit – “Covenant”: Broken by idolatry, though God remained faithful to His promises.

  7. Nefel – “Fall/Collapse”: The inevitable decline of both kingdoms, ending in exile.

 

 

6. 📖 Bible References

  • 1 Kings 11:26–40 – Prophecy against Solomon and announcement of Jeroboam’s rise.

  • 1 Kings 12:1–24 – Rehoboam’s folly and the people’s revolt.

  • 1 Kings 12:25–33 – Jeroboam’s idolatry at Bethel and Dan.

  • 1 Kings 14:21–31; 15:25–34 – Consequences in Judah and Israel.

Key Verses:

  • 1 Kings 12:16 – “What portion have we in David? … To your tents, O Israel!”

  • 1 Kings 12:28 – “Here are your gods, O Israel, who brought you up out of the land of Egypt.”

  • 1 Kings 14:15 – “The LORD will uproot Israel … because they made Asherah poles, arousing the LORD’s anger.”

 

 

7. 📝 Homework / Revision

Part A – Visuals

  • Map of the divided kingdoms (Israel in the north, Judah in the south).

  • Illustration of Rehoboam’s council scene.

  • Timeline chart showing the early decline after the split.

 

Part B – Quiz (3 Questions)

  1. What were the main causes that led to the division of Israel’s kingdom, and how did Rehoboam’s decision influence the outcome?

  2. How did Jeroboam’s establishment of worship centers at Bethel and Dan impact the spirituality of the northern kingdom?

  3. What long-term consequences did the division have for both Israel and Judah politically, militarily, and spiritually?

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